DEUTERONOMY 6:4 : Compound One?
שְׁמַ֖ע יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ יְהוָ֥ה׀ אֶחָֽד
"HEAR, O ISRAEL: THE LORD OUR GOD, THE LORD IS ONE." (Dt. 6:4) JPS Tanakh
Ang Shema (Shema Israel, Yahweh Eloheinu, Yahweh Echad) ay ang prayer ng Ancient Israel na which is similarly Isang confession of Faith ng Judaism na naging integral part ng services ng mga Israelites both morning to evening (cf. Num. 15:37-41; Mt. 22:38; Mk. 12:29; 12:30). Trinitarians cite this para isupport yung doctrine of the Trinity , Yung concept of one being of God shared by three persons, namely the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit. Ang interpretation ng compound "one" para issuport ang Trinity is absurd. ang one sa Dt. 6:4 simply means one—isang numerical one. Ilang Trinitarians na nakikita ko sa Facebook kagaya ng isang Catholic na si Humpsky Rey ay dinidistort ang text by saying na ang absolute numerical Hebrew word for one ay יָחִיד (Yachid) at na ang אֶחָד (Echad) ay compound unity daw and this is absurdity for the Hebrew word na יָחִיד ay nagshoshow ng uniquenes at equivalent sa Greek word na μονογενής (monogenes). אֶחָד remains simply a numerical one — Ex. 9:6; Josh. 8:12-24; Ezek. 33:24; Isa. 51:2
Sa 950 times na ginamit ang Hebrew word na ito sa Old Testament, ni Isa ay walang reference sa one in a plural sense. ang word na ito is used as simply One—e.g ang language sa pre-Babel ay "one" אֶחָד (Gen. 11:1), "one" אֶחָד of the bushes (Gen. 21:15). "one" אֶחָד stalk (Gen. 41:5). "one" אֶחָד cow (Ex. 9:6). "one" אֶחָד law (Ex. 12:49). At ang isang great example ng usage ng word na ito ay sa Josh. 8:12-24 which reads with the Hebrew word :
" The lands included the hill country, the western foothills, the Arabah, the mountain slopes, the wilderness and the Negev. These were the lands of the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites. These were the kings:
The king of Jericho one (אֶחָד) the king of Ai (near Bethel) one (אֶחָד)
The king of Jerusalem one (אֶחָד) of the king of Hebron one (אֶחָד)
The king of Jarmuth one (אֶחָד) the king of Lachish one (אֶחָד)
The king of Eglon one (אֶחָד) the king of Gezer one (אֶחָד)
The king of Hormah one (אֶחָד) the king of Arad one (אֶחָד)
The king of Libnah one (אֶחָד) the king of Adullam one (אֶחָד)
The king of Makkedah one (אֶחָד) the king of Bethel one (אֶחָד)
The king of Tappuah one (אֶחָד) the king of Hepher one (אֶחָד)
The king of Aphek one (אֶחָד) the king of Lasharon one (אֶחָד)
The king of Madone one (אֶחָד) the king of Hazor one (אֶחָד)
The king of Shimron Meron one (אֶחָד) the king of Akshaph one (אֶחָד)
The king of Taanach one (אֶחָד) the king of Megiddo one (אֶחָד)
The king of Kadesh one (אֶחָד) the king of Jokneam in Carmel one (אֶחָד)
The king of Dor (in Naphoth Dor) one (אֶחָד) the king of Goyim in Gilgal one (אֶחָד)
The king of Tirzah one (אֶחָד) thirty-one kings in all." (Josh 12:8-24) NIV
Ang ilang Trinitarians ay jinujustify ang eisegetical na compound unity nila by using Gen. 2:24 which reads "Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one (אֶחָד) flesh." Even though ang oneness sa context ng verse ay hindi of being but sa flesh. kagaya ng si Adam and Eve ay "one kin" at na sila ay nadedepict as plural like ng sinasabi sa Gen. 3:7, " And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons." (Gen. 3:7) with the use ng Hebrew verb עשׂה na morphologically plural at sa Lxx na ginagamit ang verb na ἐποίησαν (epoihesan) which is ang third person plural ng ποιεω (poieō).
"Oath and covenant, in which the deity is witness, guarantor, or participant, is also a widespread legal means by which the duties and privileges of kinsip may be extended to another individual or group, including aliens." (Frank Moore Cross, From Epic to Canon, p. 8)
Furthermore, sa scholarly lexicons for biblical Hebrew kagaya ng HALOT (Hebrew Aramaic Lexicon Of The Old Testament) defines אֶחָד nang hindi ina-allow ang compound one na definition ng word.
312 אֶחָד
) אֶחָד960 x(, Sam.M18 ÁaÒd: < *ÀahÌhÌaÒd < *ÀahÌad )Arb., BL 219g, Beer-M. §59:1(, ï יָחִיד; MHb., Ug. ahÌd, f. ahÌt, Ph. אחד, f. אחת, Arm. ) חַדï BArm. MdD 116a(, Eth. ÀahÌaduÒ, Akk. )w(eÒdu: abs. אֶחָד, and אַחַד Gn 4822 + 5 x )BL 622b(, cs. אַחַד, חַד Ezk 3330 )Aramaism or text error ? Nöldeke Syr. Gr. §242(, pl. אֲחָדִים; fem. ) אַחַת< *ÀahÌadt( abs. and cs., אֶחָֽת Gn 111, 2S 238 Q:
—1. numeral one a( מָקוֹם אֶ׳ one )single( place Gn 19, בְּשָׁנָה אֶחָת Ex 2329, בְּרָכָה אַ׳ Gn 2738, נֶפֶשׁ אַ׳ one soul = one single person Lv 427, אֶ׳ :: שְׁנֵי two :: one Lv 1410; מִשְׁפָּט אֶ׳ the same law Nu 1516, דָּתוֹ אַ׳ the same law is in force Est 411 מִדָּה אַ׳ the same measure Ex 262; אֶחָד י׳ Dt 64 Y is one )Sept., Pesh., Stade Theologie 1:84(; alt.: the one Y, Y alone, Y only; אֶ׳ one and only Zech 149 , the same )?( Jb 3115 alt. one; ï TWNT 3:1079f; vRad Theologie 2:226; Eichrodt Theologie 1:145, Labuschagne 137f; b( part. )VG 2:273aאַחַד הָעָם ( one of the people 1S 2615, הַנְּבָלִים אַ׳ 2S 1313, אַחַת הַנְּבָלוֹת Jb 210 אֲחִיכֶם אֶ׳ one of you brothers Gn 4219, מִכֶּם אִישׁ אֶ׳ a single one of you Jos 2310, מִמֶּנּוּ ) אַ׳GK §130a( one of us Gn 322; c( negative form: אֶ׳ … לֹא Ex 827 and לֹא אַחַד) עַד־אַ׳ abs., BL 622b( 2S 1722 not one, גַּם אֶ׳ ˆyae not even one Ps 143 עַד אֶ׳ … לֹא not even one Ex 1428; d( קוֹל אֶ׳ with one voice Ex 243, לֵב אֶ׳ 1C 1239 cj. Ps 836 )rd. וְ (אֶחָד unanimous, שְׁכֶם אֶ׳ shoulder to shoulder Zeph 39; לְיוֹם אֶ׳ for a single day, daily 1K 52, cj. Neh 515 for אַחַר; אֶ׳ יוֹם never-ending day Zech 147; ) אַחַתsc. (פַּעַם אַ׳ once: בַּשָּׁנָה אַ׳ Ex 3010 Lv 1634; אַ׳ :: שְׁתַּיִם once … twice 2K 610 Ps 6212 )?, ï שְׁתַּיִם( Jb 405; בְּאַחַת Jr 108 and כְּאֶחָד Qoh 116 in one and the same time; )ï BArm. כַּחֲדָה, Aramaism Arm.lw. Wagner 124; Akk. kiÒma isëteÒn(, אַחַת Ps 8936 and בְּאַחַת Jb 3314 once and for all; הוּא אֶ׳ only one Gn 4125, אֶחָד … וַיְהִי became one, a unit Ex 3613; וְהָיָה הַמִּשְׁכָּן אֶחָד a single whole Ex 266; in statistical records repeated after each name Jos 129-24 cj. 1K 48-18 )Sept.(, Montgomery-G. 124; e( pl. אֲחָדִים: יָמִים אֲ׳ a few days Gn 2744 2920 Da 1120 אֲ׳ µyrIb;D“ the same )kind of( words Gn 111 Ezk 2917 ):: Gordon UTGl. 126: like Ug. ahÌdm du. “a pair”( וְהָיוּ לַאֲ׳ to become one Ezk 3717;
—2. אֶ׳ one another )VG 2:328f(: וּמִזֶּה אֶ׳ מִזֶּה אֶ׳ one here and one there Ex 1712, בְּאֶ׳ אֶ׳ one to another Jb 418, cj. אֶחָד אֶת־אֶחָד vs. Ezk 3330 one to another, with gloss אִישׁ אֶת־אָחִיו; וְאֶ׳ … וְאֶ׳ … אֶ׳ one … another … a third 1S 103 1317f, וְהָאֶ׳ … òa,h; one … and the other 1K 1229, הֵנָּה אַחַת הֵנָּה וְאַ׳ once here and once there = to and fro 2K 435 לְאַ׳ אַחַת one after the other Qoh 727, וְהַדּוּד אֶ׳ … dj;a, הַדּוּד Jr 242 the one basket … and the other )Brockelmann Heb. Syn. §60b, 1S 1317 (הָרֹאשׁ אֶ׳;
—3. אֶ׳ indefinite article )GK §125b( אִישׁ אֶ׳ 1S 11, נָבִיא אֶ׳ 1K 1311, אַיִל אֶ׳ Da 83, יוֹם אֶ׳ one day 1S 271, יִשְׂ׳ אַחַד שִׁבְטֵי anyone of the tribes 2S 152, ) מֵאַחַת מֵהֵנָּהGK §119w1( any one of them Lv 42; put in front קָדוֹשׁ אֶ׳ a holy one Da 813, אַחַת מְעַט הִיא for a little while Hg 26 מְעַט הִיא) > Sept.(;
—4. ordinal, first: אַחַת :: הַשֵּׁנִית 1S 12, יוֹם אֶ׳ the first day Gn 15 ):: יוֹם שֵׁנִי 18 etc.(; in dates לַחֹדֶשׁ בְּיוֹם אֶ׳ on the first day of the month Ezr 1016 > לַחֹדֶשׁ בְּאֶ׳ Gn 85, בִּשְׁנַת אַחַת לְ in the first year of Da 91, וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה בְּאַחַת in the 601st year Gn 813;
—5. distributive: לַשֶּׁבֶט אֶ׳ one in each tribe Dt 123, לְאִישׁ אֶ׳ from each man 2K 1520, לְאַחַד אֶחָד one after the other Is 2712, לְאֶחָֽת each single one Ezk 16, הָאַחַת each 1C 271;
—Gn 329 rd. הָָאֶחָד; 2S 225b dl.; 723 and Ezk 177 ):: Zimmerli 374( rd. אַחֵר, Ezk 1119 rd. אַחֵר or חָָדָשׁ; Jb 2313 rd. בָּחַר for ) בְּאֶחָד:: Dahood Fschr. Gruenthauer 67(, Pr 2818 rd. בְּשָֽׁחַת; Qoh 1211 cj. ) אָחוֹרGalling BASOR 119:18(; Da 89 rd. אַחֶרֶת.
In conclusion, hindi ito isang proof text para sa Trinity, but rather isang proof text against it.
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